Alternatives to Fuel-based Lighting for Night Fishing:
Field Tests of Lake and Ocean Applications in East Africa
Tim Gengnagel*, Philipp Wollburg*, and Evan Mills†
*University of Bayreuth, Germany
†Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, USA
Lumina Project Technical Report #11
January 7, 2013
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Article in Energy for Sustainable Development journal [PDF]
Executive Summary
Many of the 12 to 18 million artisanal fishermen in the developing world fish at night using kerosene lanterns to attract fish to their nets. The lakes and ocean areas of Tanzania are a major center for this activity, involving over 100,000 lanterns used in 17,000 boats. While conducting fieldwork in these locations, we interacted with 113 individuals, including fishermen, boat captains, boat owners, traders, and local experts to determine current practices. We also conducted user-centered tests of LED-based system usability, performance and energy savings potential in the field (including 121 netting rounds over multiple nights: 73 with LED lighting and 48 with kerosene), and estimated the market sizes for today’s fuel-based lighting and scenarios of transition to improved products in these waterways.
Night fishermen in the areas we studied spend 35% to 50% of their take-home pay on lighting costs (fuel plus lamp maintenance). We found that similar catches could be obtained with battery-powered LED lighting systems, while eliminating fuel costs. The simple payback time for amortizing the LED system investment would be only three to four months. Our results are far more definitive than prior studies, and provide a clearer roadmap for product manufacturers and others interested in deployment.
Due to the combination of higher intensity pressurized lanterns, and longer operating hours, Tanzanian fishermen use as much lighting fuel as would about 1 million ordinary household lanterns (equivalent to one lamp in every sixth home in Tanzania). The corresponding CO2 emissions are on the order of 85,000 metric tons per year, or about 1.3% of the total energy-related CO2 emissions from Tanzania.
We identified a significant market potential for the uptake of LED lighting by night fishermen, which could justify retooling and marketing investment on the part of lighting manufacturers. We estimate an existing expenditure on the order of $70 million per year for fuel and lamps by fishermen across all of Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the ocean coastline on Mainland Tanzania. The retail value of LED systems that would provide the same service is $17 to 21 million, plus $6 to $7 million per year in replacement expenditures. A quarter of this market is relatively easy to reach and viewable as a medium-term target. The extent of fuel-based lighting for night fishing around the world is not known, but if even 10% of the artisanal fishermen worldwide night-fished, the global market would be 3- to 5-times larger than Tanzania’s.
Many of those we interviewed indicated a willingness to pay on the order of $250 for a system replacing a single pressurized kerosene lantern (more than the likely actual cost). That this is approximately six-times the cost of the conventional pressurized lantern provides a strong indication of user dissatisfaction with their current lights, and of how highly they value the prospect of improved lights. However, this stated price level is only a general indication; structured market tests using real products are needed to determine true willingness to pay.
While smaller in aggregate, the fishing market is in many ways easier to reach than conventional household customers. It is more concentrated geographically (around lakes and shorelines). Given that a subset of individuals (boat owners) purchase lamps and other fishing equipment, a relatively small buyer pool makes investment decisions (perhaps 20,000 individuals in the market we studied, or, a hypothetical lamp purchase of $1,000 per customer).
Solutions are available for the well-known challenges of “last-mile” distribution and financing. Existing well-established supply chains between population centers, and fishing areas and between boat owners and their crew—together with the presence of community based fishery co-management organizations with a mission to improve conditions for fishermen—provide ready-made distribution channels for LED products. Existing financing mechanisms could be readily adapted to help pay for replacement lamps.
This market is particularly ripe for LED lighting alternatives. Night fishermen have exceptionally high baseline costs both for fuel and lamp purchase and maintenance, and the cost of lighting is a much larger burden than in a household context.
The fishermen were almost universally pleased with the concept behind the prototype lights, and eager to purchase them provided the right price and performance. Given that much of the 1,000 lumens of light produced by a non-directional kerosene lantern never usefully reaches the water surface, we found that the performance could be matched with above-water replacement LED systems producing one-quarter to one-third as much light.
Acknowledgments: This work was funded by The Rosenfeld Fund of the Blum Center for Developing Economies at UC Berkeley, through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Art Rosenfeld has been a key supporter of this work. This project benefitted from valuable conversations and cooperation of many fishermen, and other local experts acknowledged in context in the paper. Peter Alstone, Hannes Bester, Stewart Craine, Rodd Eddy, Mark Hankins, Mason Huffine, Steve Katsaros, Francis Rubinstein, Axel Scholle, Yafei Wang, and Eric Youngren provided early suggestions on methodology or comments on the review draft. We would also like to thank Dirk Reichel and the Foundation of the German Economy (Stiftung der Deutschen Wirtschaft) for their support.
